Linalool: A mechanistic treatise

Abstract

Ology Press Citation: Mughal MH, et al. Linalool: A mechanistic treatise. Phytochemicals were isolated from the plants which are prevalent in the human diet from the ancient times to curtail various human disorders. People are adopting the natural materials as diet-based therapy to cure various maladies. Researchers and scientists are diverting towards herbs and spices owing to their health promoting attributes used as natural food preservatives in many food-based products. Herbal medicines are becoming popular not only in developed but also in developing countries for health caring due to their extensive biological activities and safe status. 1 Among different herbs, coriander (coriandrum sativum L.) has unique significance due to presence of essential bioactive compounds. It is fully enriched with diversified food constituents for instance; protein, fat, minerals, fibre, carbohydrates, and water. 2 Moreover, coriander seeds are promising source of beneficial phytonnutrients including geraniol, borneol, carvone, elemol, limonene, camphor, and linalool. The essential fatty oil contents were present as 0.03% to 2.6% and whilst fatty oil content ranged from 9.9% to 27.7%, respectively. 3,4 The coriander seeds are comprised of linalool which varied from 50% to 70%, as well as used in creams, perfumes, detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers, and lotions. 5 It also enriched with linalool (60-80%), terpinen-4-ol (trace-3%), γ-terpinene (1-8%), hydrocarbons; ketones (7-9%), and ρ-cymene (trace-3.5%), respectively. 6 Linalool Linalool is a volatile flavor compound which found in numerous plant tissues i.e. leaves, fruits, and more commonly in flowers (Figure 1). Linalool is isolated from the flowers, leaves, herbs, and wood and present in the oils of rosewood, petitgrain, jasmine, linaloe seed, rose, coriander, lavender, and bergamot. Linalool has two imperative forms generally known as R (-)-linalool (licareol)and S (π)-linalool (coriandrol) and these two forms varied in different plants depending upon nature and agro-climatic conditions. Linalool oil is extracted from the coriander seeds through steam distillation and further also quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The coriander seeds properly smashed and soaked by using the ratio of two different solvent such as volume of deionized water (mL)) and the extractant (ethyl acetate and ether) as 1:7, respectively. After 4 hours distillation, the extractant was obtained which was pourly natural linalool. 7 Diederichsen and Hammer 8 determined that out of 1% essential oil, the major component of which is S-(+)-linalool (60-70%) whereas other minor active constituents are monoterpenes hydrocarbons viz., digustilide phenolic acids and sterols. It also passes the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, dislocates the structure of polysaccharides, fatty acids & phospholipids and permeabilizes them due to lipophilic nature. 9 In bacteria, the permeabilization of the membranes is associated reduction of membrane potential and loss of ions, depletion of the ATP pool and collapse of the proton pump. 9,10 Essential oils coagulate the cytoplasm and damage proteins and lipids. The damage to the cell wall and membrane can lead to the leakage of macromolecules and to lysis. 11 It is also used in preparation of perfumed hygiene products, cleaning agents i.e. detergents, soaps, shampoos, lotions, insecticides, and mosquito repellent. 7,12 Figure 1 Chemical structure of linalool Review Abstract Researchers have been mainly emphasized on nutritional and functional bioactive moieties which have enormous health endorsing perspectives. Linalool is a bioactive component and utilized as a functional and nutraceutical tool in different foodstuffs. Linalool (3, 7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol) is a volatile compound present in diverse plant tissues such as leaves, fruits and flowers, respectively. Linalool and its esters are the mostly used in perfumery substances, and the odour of (R)-and (S)-linalool known as lavender-like and petitgrain. Owing to their phytochemical profile, it prevents from the lipid oxidation and enhances the shelf life of the food. Linalool, a monoterpene alcohol is also present in essential oils of various medicinal plants along with diverse health promoting activities such as prevention from cancer insurgence, preventive role in diabetes complications, protection from microbial growth and inflammations. Besides, Linalool possesses several depressant effects on the central nervous system and literature elucidated the potential perspectives of linalool. Furthermore, health promoting potentials of linalool agaist various physiological threats like coronary atherosclerosis, alzheimer's disease, carcinogenesis, and aging processes are also the limelight of the article.