New genetic testing technologies: Advantages and limitations

Abstract

Genetic testing has been available for many years. Recently, the potential for increased and more precise diagnostic testing has expanded, with the introduction of next-generation sequencing technologies. Testing is complex and requires the experience of medical geneticists and genetic counsellors to assist in selecting the most appropriate test for a patient, as well as in interpreting the large data sets that arise from such testing. The most appropriate test for a patient may require analysis of only one base of DNA, or one gene, one panel, a whole exome or a whole genome. The interpretation of positive findings is challenging and requires careful distinction between benign and pathogenic variants. Variants of uncertain significance occur; unexpected findings are not infrequent and require careful interpretation and management. The paucity of data on normal variation poses specific challenges on the African continent.