Plant-Dominant Low-Protein Diets: A Promising Dietary Strategy for Mitigating Disease Progression in People with Chronic Kidney Disease—A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health crisis affecting over 10% of the population, with mortality rates increasing significantly. Current management strategies, including expensive medications and renal replacement therapies, highlight the need for cost-effective, conservative approaches. This review examines the evidence for plant-dominant low-protein diets (PLADO) in managing non-dialysis-dependent CKD. Existing guidelines for protein restriction in CKD vary considerably, with inconsistencies and a lack of personalization noted in the KDOQI and KDIGO recommendations. While traditional low-protein diet trials show limited success due to poor adherence and marginal benefits, PLADO offers a potentially more sustainable alternative. PLADO’s advantages include improved nutrient density, reduced dietary acid load, anti-inflammatory effects, and beneficial modulation of the gut microbiome, potentially reducing uremic toxins and improving cardiovascular health. However, challenges remain, including adherence issues, potential nutrient deficiencies, and potassium management. Although observational studies show promise, further large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to validate PLADO’s efficacy and establish optimal dietary composition. A personalized, multidisciplinary approach is essential for successful implementation and monitoring to maximize PLADO’s benefits in improving outcomes for individuals with NDD-CKD.