Sub-5-fs real-time spectroscopy of transition states in bacteriorhodopsin during retinal isomerization

Abstract

The C=C stretching mode of bacteriorhodopsin was modulated by torsion of the C13=C14 double bond with a period of 200 fs. The real-time data elucidates the relations among the real-time torsion angle, bond order. © 2008 Optical Society of America.