Motivations behind misinformation engagement: approving, disapproving, and ignoring. A study on individual characteristics in connection with supporting and renouncing online misinformation

Abstract

This study investigates the motivations behind individuals’ engagement with online misinformation, focusing on whether they signal support, disagreement, or choose to ignore it, as well as the role played by individual characteristics. We compare three distinct groups based on their responses to misinformation: those who ignore it, those who signal agreement, and those who signal disagreement, across three different issues–climate change protests, immigration, and COVID-19–in six different countries (Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Our findings indicate that the most common reaction to misinformation is to ignore it. Interestingly, individuals who engage with misinformation–whether to signal agreement or disagreement–share similar traits: They are predominantly male and have lower education levels. Negative emotions play a significant role in shaping how both groups engage with misinformation. Similarly, concern about misinformation influences engagement patterns but does not differ significantly between those who disagree with misinformation and those who agree, contrary to expectations. However, individuals who frequently signal agreement with misinformation show stronger traits associated with psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism, suggesting a “dark personality”. These results underscore the complex motivations driving social media users to engage with misinformation in various ways.