Corporate Sustainability Transition: Methodological Analysis for a Rating Model

Abstract

This study introduces a new rating model for the evaluation of corporate sustainability, addressing the inconsistencies and divergences that characterize current ESG assessment systems. The model is hierarchically structured, comprising 99 indicators organized into 19 modules, and is designed to be adaptable by sector and firm size. It provides a standardized yet flexible analytical framework that enhances transparency, comparability, and replicability of sustainability assessments. The framework is aligned with key European regulatory initiatives, including the EU Taxonomy and the CSRD Directive, and integrates both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The indicators were developed through a comparative analysis of leading ESG frameworks (Bloomberg, Refinitiv, Moody's) and European regulatory sources and were refined through a modular structure that groups them into submodules, modules, and pillars. A dual weighting algorithm, sectoral and dimensional, was applied to ensure comparability across industries and firms of different sizes. The methodological process follows progressive steps: data collection at the company level, calculation of ESG metrics, aggregation into indicators, and consolidation into the three ESG pillars. Through conceptual validation and comparison with existing rating models, the framework demonstrates methodological coherence and practical potential. In particular, it addresses the issue of so-called “aggregate confusion” in ESG ratings by reducing measurement divergence and promoting greater alignment with shared standards. The proposed approach supports the voluntary adoption of sustainable practices and facilitates improved management of environmental and social risks. Its main contribution lies in providing a transparent and adaptable tool that combines standardization with the flexibility required by diverse corporate contexts. The study delivers both theoretical and practical value, offering a structured basis for advancing ESG performance evaluation and harmonization.