Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in the Critically Ill Patient. A narrative review

Abstract

Advances in the treatment of critically ill patients have led to increased survival rates. However, survivors often experience significant consequences associated with the conventional model of care, in which patients tend to remain inactive, particularly during treatment with mechanical ventilation (MV) and prolonged use of sedation. This can result in mental, psychological, speech and swallowing disorders, and/or physical sequelae, including muscle weakness and consequent physical disability, which in many cases persist after discharge. Current evidence suggests that neuromuscular electrical stimulation has a positive effect on the mass and strength of the stimulated muscles, and may also induce systemic pro-myogenic, anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects, which could influence a decrease in MV time among other benefits. These effects could impact outcomes relevant to decision-makers, such as reduced intensive care unit length of stay and total hospitalization time.