The role of virtual-assisted lung mapping in the resection of ground glass nodules

Abstract

Background: Virtual-assisted lung mapping (VAL-MAP), a bronchoscopic multi-spot dye-marking technique, was tested for its ability to resect ground glass nodules (GGNs) in sublobar lung resections. Methods: All patients were prospectively registered in the multi-institutional lung mapping (MIL-MAP) study using VAL-MAP. The data were retrospectively analyzed, focusing on GGNs. GGN characteristics, pathological findings, operation type, and the surgical contribution of VAL-MAP were evaluated. Results: The 370 GGNs in 299 patients included 257 pure and 113 mixed GGNs. There were 146 wedge resections (43.6%), 99 simple segmentectomies (29.6%), and 60 complex segmentectomies (18.0%). The largest number of marks were used in complex segmentectomy (4.05±0.74), followed by simple segmentectomy (3.35±0.97) and wedge resection (2.96±0.80). The overall successful resection rate was 98.6%. Multiple [2-5] GGNs were concurrently targeted by VAL-MAP in 53 patients (17.7%) with 123 GGNs. Two concurrent resections were conducted in 36 patients (12.1%), most commonly wedge resection and segmentectomies (21 patients). Among 190 sub-centimeter GGNs, 24 out of 51 GGNs ≤5 mm in diameter (47.1%) and 113 of 139 GGNs > 5 mm in diameter (81.3%) were primary lung cancer (P < 0.0001). Regarding the contribution of VAL-MAP to successful resection, wedge resection and pure GGNs were graded higher than both other resection types and mixed GGNs. Conclusions: VAL-MAP enabled thoracoscopic limited resection of GGNs. Its multiple marks facilitated resections of multi-centric GGNs. Resected suspicious GGNs > 5 mm in diameter are likely to be lung cancer. VAL-MAP may impact decision-making regarding the indications and type of surgery for suspicious small GGNs.