Reassessing the smartphone addiction scale: Support for unidimensionality and a shortened scale from an American sample

Abstract

This study examined the multidimension assumption of the often-used 33-item, six-factor Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) by employing four confirmatory factor models (i.e., one-factor, first-order six-factor, second-order six-factor, and bifactor). Survey data were collected from 1155 undergraduate students in a US public university. Findings showed that the bifactor model was the best fitting model and SAS is a unidimensional instrument. The composite scores made for the six domain-specific factors, often seen in the literature, were not reliable measures for the construct of smartphone addiction and can result in misleading or even incorrect inferential test results. The most reliable and contributing items identified by the bifactor model were selected to form a short, more efficient version of SAS. A Rasch model was performed to test the psychometric properties of the shortened SAS. The new shortened SAS contains 10 items (SAS-10) and had good reliability, construct validity, and no presence of bias towards students in different gender or academic achievement groups. Additional evidence suggests a 4-category rating scale is enough to capture the construct of smartphone addiction. Finally, SAS-10 correlated to numerous external criterion variables similarly to how the extant literature would predict. SAS-10 is provided in appendix C.