Impact of vaccination and risk factors on COVID-19 mortality amid delta wave in Libya: A single center cohort study

Abstract

Introduction The Delta variant has led to a surge in COVID-19 cases in Libya, making it crucial to investigate the impact of vaccination on mortality rates among hospitalized patients and the critically ill. This study aimed to explore the risk factors for COVID-19 mortality and the mortality rates among unvaccinated and vaccinated adults during the Delta wave who were admitted to a single COVID-19 care center in Tripoli, Libya. Methods The study involved two independent cohorts (n = 341). One cohort was collected retrospectively from May 2021-August 2021 and the second cohort was prospectively collected from August 2021-October 2021. Most of the patients in the study became ill during the Delta wave. The two cohorts were merged and analysed as one group. Results Most patients were male (60.5%) and 53.3% were >60 years old. The vast majority of patients did not have a previous COVID-19 infection (98.9%) and were unvaccinated (90.3%). Among vaccinated patients, 30 had received one dose of vaccine and only 3 had received two doses. Among patients who received one dose, 58.1% (18/31) died and 41.9% (13/31) survived. Most patients (72.2%) had a pre-existing medical condition. A multivariable prediction model showed that age >60 years was significantly associated with death (odds ratio = 2.328, CI 1.5-3.7, p-value = <0.0001). Conclusion Our results indicate that previous infection or full vaccination against COVID-19 significantly reduces hospitalization and death. However, a single vaccine dose may not be adequate, especially for older individuals and those with underlying medical conditions. High-risk older patients with comorbidities should be fully vaccinated and offered up to date bivalent COVID-19 booster doses.