Development, reliability, and validity of a scale of awareness of procrastination

Abstract

The present study reports the development and confirmation on a scale of awareness of procrastination. The scale measures awareness in 3 time periods in which college students show academic procrastination. In Study 1, the scale was developed, its validity confirmed, and its internal consistency checked. In Study 2, the scale's test-retest reliability was confirmed. Explorative factor analysis revealed 7 factors. Confirmative factor analysis supported the 7-factor structure. The relation between this scale and other procrastination scales verified its discriminant validity, and its relation to personality verified its convergent validity. The scale described 3 types of procrastination : (a) decisional procrastination with negative emotions, (b) behavioral procrastination with optimistic thinking, and (c) well-planned procrastination for emotional change. Treatments for procrastination were also discussed.