Evolution of multiple mating in the genus Apis

Abstract

Multiple mating by social insect queens is a widespread phenomenon. Because of the apparent inclusive fitness benefits of monandry, and the potential costs of polyandry, explanations for the evolution of multiple mating have been frequently sought. Current leading explanations are collectively known as 'genetic variance' hypotheses which posit that both queen and colony fitness are increased by an increase in the intracolonial genetic diversity that accrues from multiple mating. However, the precise way in which genetic diversity acts to increase colony fitness is not clear. Furthermore, some of these hypotheses are probably insufficient to explain extreme levels of polyandry observed in the genus Apis.