CrossLM: A Data-Free Collaborative Fine-Tuning Framework for Large and Small Language Models

Abstract

While large language models (LLMs) are endowed with broad knowledge, their task-specific performance is often suboptimal. Fine-tuning LLMs with task-specific data from diverse nodes is necessary, but this data is typically safeguarded and not shared publicly due to privacy concerns. A common solution involves downstream nodes downloading the LLM locally and fine-tuning it with their proprietary data. However, owners often regard pre-trained LLMs as valuable assets and are reluctant to share them. Additionally, the significant computational resources required by LLMs make local fine-tuning impractical for many nodes. To mitigate these problems, this paper proposes CrossLM, a data-free collaborative fine-tuning framework for large and small language models. CrossLM enables resource-constrained nodes to train smaller language models (SLMs) using their private task-specific data. These SLMs are subsequently leveraged to promote the task-specific natural language generation and understanding capabilities of the LLMs. Simultaneously, the SLMs of nodes also benefit from enhancement by the fine-tuned LLMs. In this way, CrossLM avoids sharing private data and proprietary LLMs, and also reduces the resource requirements of nodes. Through extensive experiments across a range of benchmark tasks and popular language models, we demonstrate that CrossLM significantly boosts the task-specific performance of both LLMs and SLMs while preserving the generalization capabilities of LLMs.