The Impact of Sleep on Sensory Processing in Typically Developing Children: Insights from Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Data

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Previous research suggests that sleep quality and duration may significantly impact sensory experiences, yet the specific relationships in healthy early childhood remain unclear. This study explores the relationship between sleep parameters and sensory processing outcomes in typically developing children followed longitudinally from 3 to 12 months to 4 years of age. Methods: We assessed sleep problems, sleep duration, sleep onset latency, parasomnias, and sensory processing in a sample of typically developing children (N = 85). Sleep parameters were reported by parents, and sensory processing was evaluated using the Sensory Processing Measure—Parent version (SPM-P). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses examined predictors of sensory outcomes based on sleep patterns at 3–12 months, 18 months, 2 years, and 4 years of age. Results: Our findings indicate that greater sleep problems correlate with heightened sensory sensitivity across modalities, including touch and vision, as well as higher-order cognitive functions such as planning and social interactions. Specifically, sleep problems at 18 months were significant predictors of sensory processing at 4 years, while sleep duration at 2 years predicted planning skills. Additionally, longer sleep duration during infancy (3–12 months) positively influenced social participation at 4 years. Conclusions: This study underscores the critical role of sleep in shaping sensory processing outcomes in early childhood. Promoting healthy sleep habits may mitigate sensory processing difficulties, ultimately supporting emotional and social development.