Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a prevalent chronic disease affecting over 400 million people globally, is driven by genetic and environmental factors. The pathogenesis involves insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, mediated by mechanisms such as the dedifferentiation of β-cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Treatment should be based on non-pharmacological therapy. Strategies such as increased physical activity, dietary modifications, cognitive-behavioral therapy are important in maintaining normal glycemia. Advanced therapies, including SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, complement these treatments and offer solid glycemic control, weight control, and reduced cardiovascular risk. Complications of T2DM, such as diabetic kidney disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy, underscore the need for early diagnosis and comprehensive management to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.