Lead Astray? The Hidden Contaminants in Australian Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Market and Their Potential Health Impact

Abstract

Introduction: Unregulated anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) markets are a global phenomenon with significant variability in product composition and purity. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of AAS sold in Australia. Methods: This study analysed anonymously donated AAS samples. Samples were chemically analysed by an independent forensic laboratory using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma analysis to identify active ingredients, contaminants and heavy metals, with results interpreted in the context of harm reduction. Results: Analysis of 28 AAS samples (16 injectable, 10 oral, 2 raw powders) revealed that 15 samples were mislabelled or mis-sold. When considering the 21 samples with clearly defined expected labelled dosages, 4 of these were within a ±5% deviation of the expected purity. Twelve heavy metals were detected in injectable and oral products, with mean concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 62.54 μg/mL in injectables and 1.94–47,901 μg/g in orals. Seven metals were identified in raw powders (mean 23.0 μg/g, range 0.96–51.73 μg/g). Discussion and Conclusions: The variability and contamination of AAS products pose significant health risks. Implementing a comprehensive surveillance and testing system is essential. This approach would track trends, identify contaminants and provide consumers with real-time, accurate information to support informed decision-making and harm reduction.