Alternative care models for paramedic patients from long-term care centers: a national survey of Canadian paramedic services

Abstract

Introduction: Long-term care (LTC) patients do poorly when transported to emergency departments (ED). Community paramedic programs deliver enhanced care in their place of residence, yet few programs are reported in the literature. We conducted a national cross-sectional survey of land ambulance services to understand if such programs exist in Canada, and what the perceived needs and priorities are for future programs. Methods: We emailed a 46 question survey to paramedic services across Canada. We asked about service characteristics, current ED diversion programs, existing diversion programs specific to LTC patients, priorities for future programs, the potential impact of such programs, and what the feasibility and barriers are to implementing programs that treat LTC patients on-site, avoiding an ED visit. Results: We received responses from 50 sites across Canada, providing services to 73.5% of the total population. Almost a third (30.0%) had existing treat-and-refer programs, and 65.5% of services transported to destinations other than an ED. Almost all respondents (98.0%) felt the need for programs to treat LTC patients on-site, and 36.0% had existing programs. The top priorities for future programs were support for patients being discharged (30.6%), extended care paramedics (24.5%), and respiratory illness treat-in-place programs (20.4%). The highest potential impact was expected from support for patients being discharged (62.0%) and respiratory illness treat-in-place programs (54.0%). Required changes in legislation (36.0%) and required changes to the system of medical oversight (34.0%) were identified as top barriers to implementing such programs. Conclusion: There is a significant mismatch between the perceived need for community paramedic programs treating LTC patients on-site, and the number of programs in place. Programs could benefit from standardized outcome measurement and the publication of peer-reviewed evidence to guide future programs. Changes in legislation and medical oversight are needed to address the identified barriers to program implementation.