The Effects of Exergaming on the Depressive Symptoms of People With Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Depressive symptoms are common among people with dementia (PWD). Exergaming consisting of combined cognitive and physical training in gaming is increasingly used to alleviate their depressive symptoms in research. With its potential synergistic neurobiological and psychosocial effects on reducing depressive symptoms among PWD, this review aimed to understand its effectiveness and contents. Methods: This is a systematic review of the effectiveness of exergames on depressive symptoms among older adults with dementia. A search was conducted on 7 May 2024 of the online databases CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed and the China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database (CNKI). The methodological quality of randomised controlled trials (RCT) and quasi-experimental studies was assessed with RoB2 and ROBINS-I, respectively. A meta-analysis of the included RCTs was conducted. Results: Six studies consisting of four RCTs and two quasi-experimental studies involving 235 participants with various stages of dementia were included. The meta-analysis showed a significant overall improvement in depression with a large effect size (SMD = 1.46, 95% CI = −2.50, −0.43; p = 0.006). Despite high heterogeneity (I2 = 91%), all studies demonstrated a trend of improvement in depression after the intervention. The exergames adopted in the included trials had the following elements: simultaneous motor-cognitive training, a scoring mechanism and a social play. The dose of exergames ranged from 15 to 60 min per session for at least 8 weeks, with a minimum of two sessions weekly. However, the included studies had a moderate-to-serious risk of bias. The certainty of the evidence was very low. Conclusion: Exergames could be effective at improving the depressive symptoms of older adults with dementia. Yet, a moderate-to-severe risk of bias shows a rigorous study should be conducted in the future. Implications for Patient Care: This study provides evidence for healthcare professionals and informal caregivers to use exergames to address depressive symptoms in PWD. Review Registration: The review was registered on PROSPERO with the reference CRD42022372762.