Multilayer, Functionally Graded Organic Living Hydrogels Built by Pure Mycelium

Abstract

Fungal mycelium has emerged as a promising biomaterial for a variety of applications, including biomedical scaffolds, due to its inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, mycelia of commonly studied species such as Ganoderma and Pleurotus exhibit limitations in water retention and hydrophobicity, restricting their application in hydrogel-based biomedical systems. This study explores the potential of Marquandomyces marquandii (M. marquandii), a species formerly within the genus Metarhizium, well-adapted to submerged cultivation, to overcome these challenges. Using stationary liquid fermentation, a mycelium-based hydrogel was developed, featuring a porosity-graded, multilayered structure capable of retaining up to 83% water. The hydrogel demonstrated mechanical stability under repetitive shear stress up to 100% shear strain, while maintaining a highly hydrated, hyphal-integrated matrix. These findings position M. marquandii-derived hydrogels as a compelling alternative to conventional hydrogels, with significant potential for future biomedical applications.