Digital Transformation in Saudi Public Universities: A Novel Framework for Adoption Drivers and Impact Analysis

Abstract

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 prioritises digital transformation (DX) to modernise higher education. However, despite significant investment, Saudi public universities (SPUs) face unique challenges in adoption due to a lack of context-specific frameworks. To address this gap, this study proposes and validates the novel DXA-SPU framework, an integrated model that combines the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework. The model was evaluated using survey data from 447 SPU participants, with hypothesised relationships analysed via Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results supported 12 of the 14 hypotheses. Perceived usefulness and the institutional skills gap emerged as the most significant drivers of adoption. In turn, DX adoption was strongly linked to enhanced institutional performance, administrative efficiency, technical infrastructure, and teaching effectiveness. The DXA-SPU framework offers a validated tool for university leaders to assess DX readiness and align strategic planning with Vision 2030 goals, providing actionable insights for policymakers.