The microalga Dunaliella and its applications: a review

Abstract

Green microalgae in the genus Dunaliella have become increasingly important in biotechnology and industry. The high adaptability of Dunaliella to high salinity, as well as its fast growth and production of several metabolites have triggered interest. The attention of industry relates to its ability to synthesize several high-value compounds, such as β-carotene, lipids, glycerol, vitamins, and proteins. In addition, due to its tolerance to high salinity, contamination is reduced, and it can grow in open systems. Dunaliella salina can accumulate up to 25% dry weight in lipids and is the most efficient natural source of β-carotene. This review highlights the general characteristics of the genus, associated with its history, morphology, reproduction, occurrence, and taxonomy. The metabolic pathways for carotenoid and lipid synthesis are described. Relevant information on the most common strains is provided as well as the most widely used growth systems and conditions, and the expression systems under development. Applications of Dunaliella in several areas of the industry are also highlighted. Thus, this review can serve as a basis for future work and for the development of environmentally friendly, simple, and highly cost-effective production methods.