Sodium butyrate and sodium propionate inhibit breast cancer cell migration and invasion through regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and suppression of MEK/ERK signaling pathway

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to investigate the roles played by NaB and NaP in breast carcinogenesis by elucidating their potential anti-metastatic effects in the context of tumor migration, invasion, and EMT regulation in two distinct breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Methods: The cytotoxic effect of both compounds on 3D spheroid formation was evaluated using a hanging drop assay. The anti-migratory and anti-invasive potentials of NaB and NaP were investigated through transwell migration and invasion assays. Moreover, their role in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was examined by assessing E-cadherin, vimentin, and β-catenin mRNA and protein expression levels through RT-qPCR and Western blot or flow cytometry. β-Catenin localization upon treatment was further visualized via immunofluorescence. Protein expression of MEK, p-MEK, ERK, and p-ERK was analyzed by Western blot. Results: Our results revealed a dose- and time-dependent impairment of spheroid formation in both cell lines, with NaB exerting a more potent effect than NaP. Both SCFAs were able to significantly inhibit migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells following 24 h of treatment. Moreover, treatment with NaB or NaP altered the mRNA and protein profile of EMT-associated markers and abrogated the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Finally, ERK and MEK phosphorylation was reduced in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells upon treatment with NaB, and less prominently with NaP. Conclusion: Our study highlights the promising therapeutic potential of NaB and NaP, providing insight into their inhibitory effects on 3D formation, migration, and invasion through EMT regulation and deactivation of MEK/ERK signaling in breast cancer.