Diverse ssRNA viruses associated with Karenia brevis harmful algal blooms in southwest Florida

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms caused by the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis negatively impact the tourism, fisheries, and public health sectors. Anticipated impacts of climate change, nutrient pollution, and ocean acidification may sustain and/or exacerbate K. brevis blooms in the future, underscoring the need for proactive monitoring, communication, and mitigation strategies. This study represents a pioneering effort in monitoring viruses associated with K. brevis blooms. The findings lay the groundwork for studying the effects of environmental drivers on K. brevis blooms and their associated viruses, as well as for exploring the roles of viruses in bloom dynamics and potential applications of viruses as biocontrol agents for K. brevis blooms. Furthermore, the comparison of viral dynamics relative to local and regional bloom dynamics in this study helps inform future monitoring and modeling needs.