Advancements in Green Synthesis of Silver-Based Nanoparticles: Antimicrobial and Antifungal Properties in Various Films

Abstract

Nanotechnology is an evolving field that presents extensive opportunities in antimicrobial and eco-friendly food packaging applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are particularly valuable in this context due to their outstanding physicochemical properties and demonstrated biological and antimicrobial efficacy, rendering them highly effective in food packaging applications. Historically, nanoparticle synthesis has largely relied on synthetic chemicals and physical methods; however, growing awareness of their potential toxic impacts on human health and the environment has led researchers to reassess these conventional approaches. In response, green synthesis using plants or their metabolites to produce nanoparticles (NPs) has emerged as a focal point in recent research. This approach provides significant advantages, notably in reducing toxicity associated with traditionally synthesized nanoparticles. Silver, recognized for its non-toxic, safe profile as an inorganic antibacterial and antifungal agent, has been employed for centuries and exhibits remarkable potential in various biological applications in its nanoparticle form. Environmentally friendly synthesis techniques are increasingly prioritized within chemical sciences to reduce the harmful byproducts of reactions. Green synthesis methods also offer economic benefits due to their lower costs and the abundant availability of natural raw materials. In the past five years, concerted efforts have been made to develop new, sustainable, and cost-effective methodologies for nanoparticle synthesis. This review explains the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from different sources along with their quantification techniques and application in food packaging.