The effect of ply properties in paperboard converting operations: a way to increase formability

Abstract

This study addresses the question of how the difference in mechanical properties of the individual layers in a multi-ply commercial paperboard affects the outcome of the tray-forming operation. Two commercially produced paperboards with nearly identical mechanical properties when conventionally tensile tested were considered. These boards are produced on different machines with the same target grammage and density. Despite the similar mechanical properties, their performance in a given tray-forming operation was drastically different, with one of the boards showing an unacceptable failure rate. To investigate the difference seen during converting operations, a detailed multi-ply finite element model was built to simulate the converting operation. The present model considers a critical area of the paperboard known to exhibit failures. To derive the constitutive relations for each ply in the sub-model, both boards were split to single out individual plies which were then tensile tested. Including the properties of individual plies revealed large differences between the boards when it comes to the distribution of the properties in the thickness direction. In particular, the top plies differed to a large extent. This is attributed to the difference in refining energies for the plies. The results from the three-ply sub-model demonstrated the importance of including the multi-ply structure in the analysis. Weakening of the top ply facing the punch by using lower refining energy considerably increased the risk of failure of the entire board. These results suggest that there is room for optimizing the board performance by adjusting the refining energy at the ply level. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]