A semi-quantitative multi-range lateral flow immunoassay for amantadine residues in livestock and poultry products

Abstract

Amantadine is one of the most prescribed antiviral medications. Considering its abuse is life-threatening, monitoring amantadine residues is urgently needed. This study designed a dipstick assay based on lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platforms with an indicator range of 50–200 ng/mL. The dipstick consists of four coloured test lines that detect the concentration of amantadine semi-quantitatively in the range of 0–200 ng/mL. The amantadine concentration was categorised as 0–50, 50–100, 100–200, or > 200 ng/mL, depending on the response of the test lines. Furthermore, we measured the amantadine residues in commercial meat samples by this LFIA. The results were highly agreeable with those determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LFIA shows potential for routine monitoring of amantadine in meat products, and the results of this study provide insight into the development of new LFIA devices for use in agricultural industries.