Long-term Neurologic Outcome After Spinal Ependymoma Resection With Multimodal Intraoperative Electrophysiological Recording: Cohort Study and Review of the Literature

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate how multimodal intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) changes during spinal ependymoma (SE) resection correlate with long-term neuro-functional out-comes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients aged 18 years or older who underwent surgical resection for SE over a 10-year period was conducted. IONM changes were defined as sustained transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEP) and/or somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) signal decrease of 50% or greater from baseline. Primary endpoints were postoperative modified McCormick Neurologic Scale (MNS) scores at postoperative day (POD) < 2, 6 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses were per-formed. Results: Twenty-nine patients were identified. Average age was 44.2 ± 15.4 years. Sixteen (55.2%) were male and 13 (44.8%) were female. Tumor location was 10 cervical-predomi-nant (34.5%), 13 thoracic-predominant (44.8%), and 6 lumbar/conus-predominant (20.7%). A majority (69.0%) were World Health Organization grade 2 tumors. Twenty-four patients (82.8%) achieved gross total resection. Thirteen patients (44.8%) had a sustained documented IONM signal change and 10 (34.5%) had a TcMEP change with or without derangement in SSEP. At POD < 2, 6 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years, MNS was significantly higher for those when analyzing subgroups with either any sustained IONM or TcMEP ± SSEP signal attenuation > 50% below baseline (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Sustained IONM derangements > 50% below baseline, particularly for Tc-MEP, are significantly associated with higher MNS postoperatively out to 2 years. Intraop-erative and postoperative management of these patients warrant special consideration to limit neurologic morbidity.