OPTIMIZING PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES IN WARM-HUMID CLIMATES: A HOLISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEMS

Abstract

Green Building Rating Tools (GBRTs) such as LEED, BREEAM, GRIHA, and WELL assess building sustainability but often overlook a standardized framework for evaluating passive design strategies, which are critical for energy efficiency and thermal comfort in warm-humid climates. This study proposes a holistic framework for optimizing passive strategies by integrating qualitative expert insights with quantitative data across rating systems. Using PCA, MCDA, and regression modelling, a weighted scoring system is developed to compare strategies. Analysis shows that combined passive strategies significantly improve sustainability performance. Home Performance Index (24.72) and ARZ (23.06) score highest in passive design emphasis, while LEED (10.91) and GRIHA (9.96) reveal improvement potential. The proposed AHP framework focuses on envelope optimization, natural ventilation, insulation, and material selection to enhance climate responsiveness. Case studies demonstrate that passive measures such as shading, ventilation, and insulation reduce cooling loads by 59%, lower indoor temperatures by 2.5–3°C, and boost energy savings by up to 29%, reinforcing their value in warm-humid climate contexts.