Nonpneumococcal strains recently recovered from carriage specimens and expressing capsular serotypes highly related or identical to pneumococcal serotypes 2, 4, 9a, 13, and 23a

Abstract

The polysaccharide capsule is a key virulence factor of Streptococcus pneu-moniae. There are numerous epidemiologically important pneumococcal capsular sero-types, and recent findings have demonstrated that several of them are commonly found among nonpathogenic commensal species. Here, we describe 9 nonpneumococ-cal strains carrying close homologs of pneumococcal capsular biosynthetic (cps) loci that were discovered during recent pneumococcal carriage studies of adults in the United States and Kenya. Two distinct Streptococcus infantis strains cross-reactive with pneumococcal serotype 4 and carrying cps4-like capsular biosynthetic (cps) loci were recovered. Opsonophagocytic killing assays employing rabbit antisera raised against S. infantis US67cps4 revealed serotype 4-specific killing of both pneumococcal and non-pneumococcal strains. An S. infantis strain and two Streptococcus oralis strains, all carrying cps9A-like loci, were cross-reactive with pneumococcal serogroup 9 strains in immu-nodiffusion assays. Antiserum raised against S. infantis US64cps9A specifically promoted killing of serotype 9A and 9V pneumococcal strains as well as S. oralis serotype 9A strains. Serotype-specific PCR of oropharyngeal specimens from a recent adult carriage study in the United States indicated that such nonpneumococcal strains were much morecommoninthispopulationthanserotype4andserogroup9pneumococci.We also describe S. oralis and S. infantis strains expressing serotypes identical or highly related to serotypes 2, 13, and 23A. This study has expanded the known overlap of pneumococcal capsular serotypes with related commensal species. The frequent occur-rence of nonpneumococcal strains in the upper respiratory tract that share vaccine and nonvaccine capsular serotypes with pneumococci could affect population immunity to circulating pneumococcal strains. IMPORTANCE The distributions and frequencies of individual pneumococcal capsular serotypes among nonpneumococcal strains in the upper respiratory tract are unknown and potentially affect pneumococcal serotype distributions among the population and immunity to circulating pneumococcal strains. Repeated demonstra-tion that these nonpneumococcal strains expressing so-called pneumococcal sero-types are readily recovered from current carriage specimens is likely to be relevant to pneumococcal epidemiology, niche biology, and even to potential strategies of employing commensal live vaccines. Here, we describe multiple distinct nonpneumo-coccal counterparts for each of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) serotypes 4 and 9V. Additional data from contemporary commensal isolates expressing sero-types 2, 13, and 23A further demonstrate the ubiquity of such strains. Increased focus upon this serological overlap between S. pneumoniae and its close relatives may eventually prove that most, or possibly all, pneumococcal serotypes have counterparts expressed by the common upper respiratory tract commensal species Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus infantis.