Development of New Hybrid Casein-Loaded PHEMA-PEGDA Hydrogels with Enhanced Mineralisation Potential

Abstract

Casein is a micellar protein rich in glutamic and aspartic acids as well as in phosphoserine. Considering its native affinity for calcium and the connection of sub-micelles through calcium phosphate nanoclusters, this protein holds promise for stimulating biomimetic mineralisation phenomena and direct binding with the mineral phase of hard tissues. In this work we prepared new hybrids based on casein embedded in a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PHEMA-PEGDA) hydrogel. The resulting materials were investigated structurally by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Casein modified the water affinity and the rheological properties of the hybrids. The microstructure was explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the distribution of the protein was established by combined SEM micrographs and elemental mapping considering the casein-specific elements (P, N and S) not contained by the synthetic hydrogel matrix. The effect of casein on the mineralisation potential and stability of the mineral phase was investigated by FT-IR and SEM when alternating incubation in Ca/P solutions is performed. Increasing casein content in the hybrids leads to improved mineralisation, with localised formation of nanoapatite phase on the protein areas in the richest sample in protein. This behaviour was proved microstructurally by SEM and through overlapping elemental distribution of Ca and P from the newly formed mineral and P, S and N from the protein. This study indicates that nanoapatite-casein-PHEMA-PEGDA nanocomposites may be developed for potential use in bone repair and regeneration.