Flexible perovskite solar cells: materials design, environmental stability, and sustainable strategies for all-environment photovoltaics

Abstract

Flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PeSCs) are revolutionizing photovoltaic technology with their high efficiency, mechanical adaptability, and potential for cost-effective manufacturing, poised to transform both indoor and outdoor energy markets. This systematic review examines the scientific and technological advancements of f-PeSCs from 2012 to 2024, employing bibliometric analysis and science mapping to identify global trends, collaborative networks, and research gaps. Achieving power conversion efficiencies of 41% under indoor lighting, f-PeSCs are driving a burgeoning market, projected to grow from USD 0.35 billion in 2023 to USD 8.81 billion by 2034, complementing the broader solar cell market expansion from USD 149.45 billion to USD 730.74 billion over the same period. Key innovations include low-temperature deposition, flexible substrates (e.g., PET, PEN, PI), and advanced electrodes, such as carbon-based and metallic nanostructures. Despite progress, challenges persist in scalability, long-term stability, and sustainability of lead-based perovskite. Strategies such as roll-to-roll manufacturing, lead-free formulations, and AI-driven material optimization are crucial for commercialization. Aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as affordable clean energy (SDG 7), industrial innovation (SDG 9), and climate action (SDG 13), f-PeSCs provide a transformative platform for sustainable energy, supporting the global transition to a low-carbon future.