On the origin and diversification of Venezuelan freshwater fishes: The genus gephyrocharax (Ostariophysi: Characidae) a case study

Abstract

We conducted a phylogeographic analysis of the genus Gephyrocharax in Venezuela to evaluate geomorphologic evidence for the formation of the country's main watersheds and to establish a biogeographical hypothesis of possible diversification mechanisms of the Neotropical freshwater fish fauna. We assayed eight enzyme systems and general proteins to estimate genetic variability (H, P), intraspecific structuring in several Gephyrocharax valencia and G. venezuelae populations (FIS, FIT, and FST), and a phylogenetic approach for the three species of Gephyrocharax in Venezuela, using Corynopoma riisei as the external group. Fourteen presumptive loci indicate that populations of the three species of Gephyrocharax analyzed show a clear genetic inter-specific differentiation, determined by four loci with fixed alleles (GPI-B*, IDH*, ME-1*, and ME-2*). The resulting cladogram shows two major clades: a monophyletic group consisting of Gephyrocharax n. sp. and G. venezuelae (restricted to the northwest of the country) and a group formed exclusively by G. valencia (distributed along the largest geographic range). Speciation of the Venezuelan lineages of the genus Gephyrocharax could be explained by the origin and course movements of the present Orinoco River together with geomorphologic processes that have occurred in northern Venezuela since the Miocene. © 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia.