Analyzing preference heterogeneity for soil amenity improvements using discrete choice experiment

Abstract

Understanding the soil’s economic value is essential in promoting stakeholder participation for its sustainable use and efficient management. However, its less tangible ecological functions have not been measured by conventional market-based valuation approaches. From the decision-making perspective, indirect-use value provides a robust apparatus for examining soil-use alternative and management options. In this study, we analyzed the value of specific soil ecosystem services as indicated by the stakeholders’ willingness to pay (WTP) for soil amenity improvements. Using a choice experiment in the Philippine town of Norzagaray, Bulacan, we analyzed the motivations and preferences in soil utility and conservation. Our results showed that in general, the respondents have a positive attitude toward spending for soil improvements. Preference heterogeneity was found to be influenced by spatial determinants and by the socio-demographic characteristics of individual respondents. The results revealed that the respondent’s education, income level, and environmental awareness had significant influence on stakeholders’ preference and WTP values. Spatial determinants including environmental risks and proximity to amenities were likewise found to explain preference heterogeneity. Despite methodological limitations, this study improves our understanding of soil’s explicit value, stakeholder perception, and preference variability, which is useful in designing and implementing more sustainable soil-use management and conservation initiatives.