Waveguide integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for integrated photonics

Abstract

Integrated photonics is expected to play a key role in the scalability of quantum systems for applications such as quantum computing, quantum communications, quantum internet, and quantum metrology. One of the primary components of quantum integrated photonics is a single photon detector, which reads out the quantum information encoded in photons. Amongst available single-photon detection schemes, superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) remain the most promising technology for effective on-chip coupling, because they can be seamlessly integrated with a wide range of waveguide materials and substrates and have shown unparalleled performance from visible to the mid-infrared regime. Here, we review different aspects of SNSPDs and schemes for their on-chip integration for different integrated photonics applications. Although mostly concentrated on quantum applications, we also cover some of the important wider photonics applications including imaging, AI and machine learning, and single-photon spectroscopy, and conclude the review with a future outlook discussing emerging research areas enabled by photonic integrated circuits based on SNSPDs.