New and Emerging Infections: a Select Review of Evolving Pathogens

Abstract

Purpose of review: Emerging infections are diseases that are either newly discovered in a population or previously known but increasing in incidence. We have chosen to review a few emerging infections that are most notable at this time with new treatment options. We separated them into three categories: viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Recent findings: Among emerging viral pathogens, we focused on Ebola virus where we have a monoclonal antibody that has been shown safe for treatment in adults, and promising vaccine candidates. Zika virus is also reviewed, although care focuses on symptomatic treatment, we now have several vaccines under development for prevention. Bacterial pathogens of concern are gram-negative bacteria with multidrug resistance. Current treatment options include: use of β-lactamase inhibitors, use of combination therapy, and use of novel non-antibiotic therapies. Lastly, Candida auris is a newly identified Candida species that can be highly resistant to routine antifungal therapy. A new agent, SCY-078, has shown growth inhibition and also antibiofilm activity against C. auris. Summary: In conclusion, while we have chosen to review only a few emerging infections, there are many others circulating and newer pathogens will arise. We need to develop, evaluate, and disseminate novel tools to identify and treat new and current emerging infections.