Azo Dyes and the Microbial World: Synthesis, Breakdown, and Bioactivity

Abstract

This review discusses natural and synthetic azo compounds found in bacteria, fungal endophytes, fungi, plants, and invertebrates. More than 100 of these compounds have demonstrated significant pharmacological activity, including antitumor, antimicrobial, and antibacterial effects. Using mathematical algorithms and the PASS program, researchers predict new potential applications based on their structure–activity relationships. This review emphasizes the importance of natural azo compounds as promising drug prototypes and key players in drug discovery. It also explores the synthesis and degradation of azo dyes and their potential uses in medicine, food, cosmetics, and related fields. Additionally, the role of microorganisms in producing natural azo compounds and their synthetic counterparts is examined, showcasing their potential in drug development and human health advancements.