Adsorptive SPH for directable bleeding simulation

Abstract

We build upon SPH to devise a directable scheme for bleeding simulation that realistically represents adherence onto and streak formation on the skin surface in real time. To ensure compatibility of expressiveness and space & time efficiency, we have judiciously designed four specific types of particles and their interactions and incorporated these elements into the SPH scheme. In-vivo particles obey a simple in-vivo blood flow model that can reflect both hemorrhage volume and blood pressure. The particles flowing out through the wound, called flow particles, manifest the primary behaviors of bleeding, including blood coagulation, blood adherence onto the skin surface, and streak formation on the skin surface. The scheme then involves transforming the flow particles adhered onto the skin surface into relatively small adhered particles and representing a thin, flat layer of adhered blood with anisotropic kernels. Guiding particles generated along user-input strokes play a distinct role in giving gravity, biased slightly by the guiding force, to the remaining flow particles and thereby allow the users to control the overall bleeding so that it follows the desirable traces.