Agonist-induced Conformational Changes at the Cytoplasmic Side of Transmembrane Segment 6 in the β2 Adrenergic Receptor Mapped by Site-selective Fluorescent Labeling

Abstract

The environmentally sensitive, sulfhydryl-reactive, fluorescent probe N,N′-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N′-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) ethylene-diamine (IANBD) was used as a molecular reporter of agonist-induced conformational changes in the β2 adrenergic receptor, a prototype hormone-activated G protein-coupled receptor. In the background of a mutant β2 adrenergic receptor, with a minimal number of endogenous cysteine residues, new cysteines were introduced in positions 2696.31, 2706.32 2716.33, and 272 6.34 at the cytoplasmic side of transmembrane segment (TM) 6. The resulting mutant receptors were fully functional and bound both agonists and antagonist with high affinities also upon IANBD labeling. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of the purified and site-selectively IANBD-labeled mutants suggested that the covalently attached fluorophore was exposed to a less polar environment at all four positions upon agonist binding. Whereas evidence for only a minor change in the molecular environment was obtained for positions 2696.31 and 2706.32, the full agonist isoproterenol caused clear dose-dependent and reversible increases in fluorescence emission at positions 2716.33 and 2726.34. The data suggest that activation of G protein-coupled receptors, which are activated by "diffusible" ligands, involves a structural rearrangement corresponding to the cytoplasmic part of TM 6. The preferred conformations of the IANBD moiety attached to the inserted cysteines were predicted by employing a computational method that incorporated the complex hydrophobic/hydrophilic environment in which the cysteines reside. Based on these preferred conformations, it is suggested that the spectral changes reflect an agonist-promoted movement of the cytoplasmic part of TM 6 away from the receptor core and upwards toward the membrane bilayer.