Foot and Ankle Biomechanical Assessment in Soccer Players: A Narrative Review of Testing Methods

Abstract

Foot and ankle biomechanics play a central role in soccer performance, influencing stability, movement efficiency, and injury susceptibility. Although numerous structural and functional assessment tools exist, the literature lacks an integrated synthesis that evaluates these tests collectively in relation to injury mechanisms and sport-specific demands. This narrative review aims to critically examine commonly used biomechanical assessments—including FPI-6, Navicular Drop Test, Hallux Valgus Angle, plantar pressure analysis, CAIT, FAAM, weighted dorsiflexion ROM, and tibial torsion measurements—and to highlight their relevance for identifying risk factors in soccer players. Evidence indicates that structural abnormalities such as pes planus, subtalar overpronation, and hallux valgus alter plantar pressure distribution and increase the likelihood of overuse injuries, ankle sprains, and chronic instability. Functional measures including CAIT and FAAM provide complementary insight into ankle instability and sport-related performance limitations. By synthesizing current findings, this review underscores the need for comprehensive, multi-dimensional assessment strategies that support individualized training and injury-prevention programs in soccer.Keywords: Choronic Ankle Instability, CAIT, FAAM, FPI-6, Plantar Pressure, Soccer Biomechanics.