Improving self-care, HbA1c control, and quality of life in type 2 diabetes: a self-regulation intervention based on the individual and family self-management theory

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains a global health challenge, often associated with poor self-care, inadequate glycemic control, and reduced quality of life. Conventional diabetes education mainly focuses on biomedical aspects, with limited attention to psychological self-regulation and family support, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a self-regulation intervention based on the Individual and Family Self-Management Theory (IFSMT) in improving self-care ability, Glycemic control (HbA1c), and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Method: A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a control group was used to evaluate 90 patients with T2DM recruited from primary health centers. Participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control groups. The intervention group received a 12-week IFSMT-based self-regulation module, while the control group received standard diabetes education. Outcomes measured included self-care ability (knowledge, belief, skills, stress management), HbA1c levels, and quality of life. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and the Mann-Whitney U Test statistical tests with a significance level of p < 0.05. Result: The intervention group showed significant improvements in self-care ability (p < 0.001) and quality of life (p < 0.01), as well as a significant reduction in HbA1c levels (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. These findings suggest that applying self-regulation principles can enhance diabetes management beyond conventional education. Conclusion: The IFSMT-based self-regulation intervention was effective in improving self-care, glycemic control, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Integration of this intervention into nursing practice and diabetes education programs may strengthen long-term management and reduce the risk of complications.