A Predictive Model for Graft Failure in Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Penetrating Keratoplasty Among Chinese Patients: A 2-Year Study

Abstract

Introduction: Graft failure is a major challenge in femtosecond laser-assisted penetrating keratoplasty (Fs-PKP). This study focuses on the development and validation of a clinical predictive model aimed at identifying the risk of graft failure in individuals undergoing Fs-PKP in China, offering a tailored approach to improve surgical outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study at Nanjing First Hospital involved 238 patients and followed the TRIPOD statement. The cohort was divided into a training set (n = 166) and a validation set (n = 72) in a 7:3 ratio. It analyzed 23 predictor variables related to recipient, donor, and surgical factors, defining graft failure as “visually significant and irreversible corneal stromal edema, haze, or scarring.” A comprehensive nomogram was created using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and assessed by concordance index (C-index), time-dependent receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: Five critical risk factors were identified: recipients’ history of systemic autoimmune disorders, ocular trauma, prior penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) history, donors’ diabetes history, and the endothelial cell density of the donor cornea. The nomogram showed a C-index of 0.72 (95% CI 0.65–0.79) in the training group and 0.66 (95% CI 0.55–0.76) in the validation group, indicating robust predictive accuracy. Time-dependent ROC curves, calibration plots, and DCA consistently validated the model’s reliability, predictive power, and clinical utility across both training and validation cohorts. Conclusions: Our study developed and validated a model incorporating five key factors, enhancing preoperative prediction and management for Chinese patients with Fs-PKP graft failure.