Design, Synthesis, In Silico Docking, Multitarget Bioevaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Novel Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidinone Derivatives as Potential In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Abstract

Background: A novel series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinone derivatives were synthesized, characterized, and examined for their anti-inflammatory effects. Results: The findings indicated that compounds 5d, 5j, 5k, and 5m demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects through the selective inhibition of the COX-2 isozyme, with IC50 values ranging from 0.27 to 2.34 μM, compared to celecoxib (IC50 = 0.29 μM). Compound 5k emerged as the most potent, exhibiting a selectivity index (SI) of 95.8 for COX-2 relative to COX-1. In vivo tests additionally validated that compounds 5j and 5k demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory efficacy, exhibiting greater suppression percentages of generated paw edema than indomethacin, comparable to celecoxib, while preserving excellent safety profiles with intact gastric tissue. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the target compounds was associated with a substantial decrease in serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, molecular modeling investigations corroborated the in vitro findings. Compound 5k displayed a binding free energy ΔG of −10.57 kcal/mol, comparable to that of celecoxib, which showed a ΔG of −10.19 kcal/mol. The intensified binding contacts in the COX-2 isozyme indicated the augmented inhibitory efficacy of 5k. Conclusions: Compound 5k exhibited dual activity by inhibiting the COX-2 isozyme and suppressing the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, therefore providing a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect with increased therapeutic potential.