Predicting cone crop potential in conifers by assessment of developing cone buds and cones

Abstract

The reproductive cycles of the main conifers in Britain are described, from cone bud initiation to the shedding of mature seed, and buds and cones are described at characteristic developmental stages. Potential cone crops could be predicted by estimating the number of developing cone buds, newly flushed cones or mature seed cones. These predictions will be valuable for estimating potential natural regeneration in the forest and will allow forest managers to plan silvicultural operations to encourage natural regeneration if this is desired. The most suitable time of assessment will depend on the species; earlier predictions will be less accurate and more difficult to carry out, while later predictions will give less advance warning of potential seed crops and potential natural regeneration.