Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Red Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview of Novel Insights

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress—pathological features that pose significant challenges for the development of therapeutic interventions. Given these challenges, this review comprehensively evaluates the neuroprotective mechanisms of bioactive compounds derived from red algae, including polysaccharides and phycobiliproteins, which are considered a promising source of natural therapeutics for AD. Red algal constituents exhibit neuroprotective activities through multiple mechanisms. Sulfated polysaccharides (e.g., carrageenan, porphyran) suppress NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation, modulate mitochondrial function, and enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Phycobiliproteins (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin) and peptides derived from their degradation scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate antioxidant pathways (e.g., Nrf2/HO-1), thus mitigating oxidative damage. Carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin) improve cognitive function through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), while phenolic compounds (bromophenols, diphlorethol) provide protection by targeting multiple pathways involved in dopaminergic system modulation and Nrf2 pathway activation. Emerging extraction technologies—including microwave- and enzyme-assisted methods—have been shown to optimize the yield and maintain the bioactivity of these compounds. However, the precise identification of molecular targets and the standardization of extraction techniques remain critical research priorities. Overall, red algae-derived compounds hold significant potential for multi-mechanism AD interventions, providing novel insights for the development of therapeutic strategies with low toxicity.