Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome: Elevated Cone Counts Confer Supernormal Visual Acuity in the S-Cone Pathway

Abstract

PURPOSE. To measure photoreceptor packing density and S-cone spatial resolution as a function of retinal eccentricity in patients with enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) and to discuss the possible mechanisms supporting their supernormal S-cone acuity. METHODS. We used an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) to characterize photoreceptor packing. A custom non-AO display channel was used to measure L/M- and S-cone–mediated visual acuity during AOSLO imaging. Acuity measurements were obtained using a four-alternative, forced-choice, tumbling E paradigm along the temporal meridian between the fovea and 4° eccentricity in five of six patients and in seven control subjects. L/M acuity was tested by presenting long-pass–filtered optotypes on a black background, excluding wavelengths to which S-cones are sensitive. S-cone isolation was achieved using a two-color, blue-on-yellow chromatic adaptation method that was validated on three control subjects. RESULTS. Inter-cone spacing measurements revealed a near-uniform cone density profile (ranging from 0.9–1.5 arcmin spacing) throughout the macula in ESCS. For comparison, normal cone density decreases by a factor of 14 from the fovea to 6°. Cone spacing of ESCS subjects was higher than normal in the fovea and subnormal beyond 2°. Compared to the control subjects (n = 7), S-cone–mediated acuities in patients with ESCS were normal near the fovea and became increasingly supernormal with retinal eccentricity. Beyond 2°, S-cone acuities were superior to L/M-cone–mediated acuity in the ESCS cohort, a reversal of the trend observed in normal retinas. CONCLUSIONS. Higher than normal parafoveal cone densities (presumably dominated by S-cones) confer better than normal S-cone–mediated acuity in ESCS subjects.