Microplastic Contaminant in Indonesia: A review on Debris, Exposure, Health Risk and Future Perspective

Abstract

Microplastics are growing environmental concern, posing risks to both ecosystem and human health, especially in marine environments. Purpose this review is studied debris, exposure, health risk and future perspective of microplastic contaminant in Indonesia. This review method is collects the studied from google scholar, with publisher: ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, MDPI, IOP Conference, Nature, Taylor & Francis. Keyword was used microplastic, debris, environmental exposure, health risk, Indonesia. Result finds the kind of microplastic debris are Fragment, Fiber, Granule, Film, Foam and Filament. Microplastic exposure the water organism including fish, shellfish, seabirds, table salt, snail and crab. It has an impact on human health when people consume seafood that contains microplastics through the food chain. Human exposure to microplastics occurs through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food and water, inhalation of airborne particles, and dermal contact. Health risk indicate that microplastics can accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially leading to inflammation, disruption of gut microbiota, and even the release of hazardous chemicals. The future perspective is needed continued research, monitoring, and policy measures are necessary to effectively mitigate microplastic pollution in Indonesia and safeguard its ecosystems and public health. Overalls, it needs solid waste management and use degradable plastics.