A Comparative Evaluation of Threshold Segmentation and LiDAR for Sawmill Residue Volume Estimation

Abstract

The sawn timber production process generates up to 63% of residues during primary processing in sawmills. For this industry, the devaluation and disposal of these residues remain significant challenges; proper management requires a more accurate quantification of the volume. This study evaluates and compares two indirect methods for estimating the volume of stacked residues: one based on image processing and the other on terrestrial LiDAR technology. Residues of Pinus spp. from a sawmill were used, with their actual volume determined using a xylometer. The image-based method, which uses threshold-based segmentation, achieved a R2 = 0.64 and RMSE = 0.006 m3. In contrast, the LiDAR-based method, which derives measurements directly from 3D reconstruction, obtained an R2 = 0.506 and RMSE = 0.009 m3. Despite these differences, ANOVA testing (p > 0.05) indicated no statistically significant differences between the methods. The results suggest that both approaches may serve as preliminary tools for forest residue quantification and provide a solid foundation for future research aimed at developing field-applicable technological solutions.