Abstract
Dicyemids are the most common and characteristic endosymbionts found in the renal sac of benthic cephalopods. In this chapter, we introduce biology and diversity of dicyemids of European typical cephalopods, Octopus vulgaris and Sepia officinalis. The diphasic life cycle of dicyemids consists of vermiform stages formed asexually and an infusoriform stage developed sexually. Their morphology varies depending on the development stage. Recent molecular studies suggested that dicyemids belong to lophotrochozoans. In Europe, 16 dicyemid species were described from 17 cephalopod species.
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Furuya, H. I., & Souidenne, D. (2019). Dicyemids. In Handbook of Pathogens and Diseases in Cephalopods (pp. 159–168). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11330-8_11
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