Understanding patient characteristics and medication prescriptions in children with mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders referred to a sleep clinic—A quality improvement/quality assurance analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Motivated by challenges faced in outpatient sleep services for mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders (MHNDD) during the COVID-19 clinical shutdown, a pan-Canadian/international working group of clinicians and social scientists developed a concept for capturing challenging sleep and wake behaviours already at the referral stage in the community setting. Methods: In a quality improvement/quality assurance (QIQA) project, a visual logic model was the framework for identifying the multiple causes and possible interventions for sleep disturbances. Intake forms informed clinicians about situational experiences, goals/concerns, in addition to the questions from the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (SDSC), the ADHD Rating Scale-IV and medication history. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample. Results: 66% of the pilot study patients (n = 41) scored in the SDSC red domains (highest scoring) with highest sub-scores for insomnia (falling asleep 73%; staying asleep: 51%) and daytime somnolence (27%). A total of 90% of patients were taking at least one medication; 59% sleep initiation/sleep medications, 41% in combination with further non-stimulant medications, 9% with stimulants, 27% with antidepressants and 18% with antipsychotics. Polypharmacy was observed in 62% of all patients and in 73% of the ones medicated for sleep disturbances. Qualitative information supported individualisation of assessments. Conclusion: Our intake process enabled a comprehensive understanding of patients’ sleep and wake profiles prior to assessment, at the referral stage. The high prevalence of insomnia in patients, combined with polypharmacy, requires special attention in the triaging process at the community level.