Activity of ceftaroline against extracellular (broth) and intracellular (THP-1 monocytes) forms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Comparison with vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin

Abstract

Background: Ceftaroline fosamil is approved for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We examined the activity of its active metabolite (ceftaroline) against intracellular forms of S. aureus in comparison with vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. Methods: Two methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 11 MRSA strains with ceftaroline MICs from 0.125 to 2 mg/L [two strains vancomycin- and one strain linezolid-resistant (EUCAST interpretative criteria); VISA and cfr+] were investigated. The activity was measured in broth and after phagocytosis by THP-1 monocytes in concentration-dependent experiments (24 h of incubation) to determine: (i) relative potencies (EC50) and static concentrations (Cs) (mg/L and × MIC); and (ii) relative activities at human Cmax (ECmax) and maximal relative efficacies (Emax) (change in log10 cfu compared with initial inoculum). Ceftaroline stability and cellular accumulation (at 24 h) were measured by mass spectrometry. Results: Ceftaroline showed similar activities in broth and in monocytes compared with vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid, with no impact of resistance mechanisms to vancomycin or linezolid. For all four antibiotics, intracellular ECmax and Emax were considerably lower than in broth (~0.5 log10 versus 4-5 log10 cfu decrease), but the EC50 and Cs showed comparatively little change (all values between ~0.3 and ~6× MIC). The mean cellular to extracellular ceftaroline concentration ratios (20 mg/L; 24 h) were 0.66and0.05 and 0.90and0.36 in uninfected and infected cells, respectively. Conclusion: In vitro, ceftaroline controls the growth of intracellular MRSA to an extent similar to that of vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin for strains with a ceftaroline MIC ≤2 mg/L. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.